The rate and number of out-of-school children are strongly correlated with national income: in poorer countries, more children are out of school than in wealthier countries.
The World Bank classifies all countries according to their gross national income (GNI) per capita (World Bank, 2017). The map in Figure 1 shows the distribution of countries by income level according to the July 2016 classification. Low-income countries with the lowest per-capita income are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa.
Figure 1
Data source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
Figure 2 shows that the out-of-school rate decreases with increasing national income. Low-income countries have, on average, the highest out-of-school rates, according to estimates by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 19% of all children of primary school age (about 6 to 11 years) are out of school in low-income countries, compared to only 3% in high-income countries. Among adolescents of lower secondary school age (about 12 to 14 years), more than one third (38%) are out of school in low-income countries. The average out-of-school rate is highest for youth of upper secondary school age (about 15 to 17 years) living in low-income countries: nearly two thirds (62%) are not in school.
Figure 2
Data source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
The correlation between national income and exclusion from education can also be demonstrated with national data. Figure 3 plots GNI per capita against the primary out-of-school rate. The highest out-of-school rates are observed among countries with the lowest per-capita income. South Sudan, one of the poorest countries, has the world's highest primary out-of-school rate, with 69%. The absolute number of out-of-school children, indicated by the size of the markers in Figure 3, also tends to be higher in countries with lower national income. The three countries with the largest number of out-of-school children – India, Nigeria and Pakistan – are in the lower-middle-income group of countries. The United States of America stands out as a high-income country with a relatively high rate and number of out-of-school children, but analysis by the National Center for Education Statistics shows that the majority of these children are being homeschooled (Redford et al., 2017).
Figure 3
Data source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
A recent policy paper by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the Global Education Monitoring Report (UIS and GEMR, 2017) examines the link between education and poverty. The paper concludes that reaching the Sustainable Development Goal of universal primary and secondary education could reduce the global poverty headcount (measured by the number of persons living on less than $1.90 per day) by more than 420 million, or more than half of the current number.
References
- Redford, Jeremy, Danielle Battle, and Stacey Bielick. 2017. Homeschooling in the United States: 2012. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education. 如何评价联想newifi路由器? - 知乎:2021-2-11 · 这个路由是我前段时间在京东上众活动价89元买的,所众下面我下面这些评价都是众这个价格为参考的 总体来说:89元能买到这样一个硬件配置还不错,做工还过得去,可玩性强,官方固件很烂但是在不断进化的路由器,还是挺值的。 下面详细说明下: 硬件配置:处理器MT7620A ….
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), and Global Education Monitoring Report (GEMR). 2017. "Reducing Global Poverty through Universal Primary and Secondary Education." Policy paper 32/Fact sheet 44. Montreal and Paris: UIS and GEMR. http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002503/250392e.pdf.
- World Bank. 2017. "How Does the World Bank Classify Countries?" World Bank Data Help Desk. Accessed 25 May. 蓝宝科技 - Sapphire Technology:蓝宝科技 (SAPPHIRE Technology) 持续成为世界领先的创新图形和主板产品制造商和全球供应商,向 PC 市场提供基于 AMD Radeon 的产品,满足了游戏、电子竞技和高性能显卡爱好者的需求,并提供一系列专业图形产品和嵌入式系统解决方案。 最近,SAPPHIRE ....
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- UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)
- UIS out-of-school data (UIS Data Centre)
- Global Education Monitoring Report
- World Bank
- National Center for Education Statistics
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- Universal primary education by 2015: A goal out of reach?
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Friedrich Huebler, 31 July 2017, Creative Commons License
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